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* (NFET, injector, ignition IGBT, ...) low-side output switches use common cathode flyback to +12V * high-side (PFET) output switches use common anode flyback to GND Tests before ECU powerup, retest after ANY change around the injectors or supply/GND: With ECM connected, but output load (solenoid) NOT, measure the flyback integrity with DVM at the solenoid connector. Low voltage flyback (almost always used, eg. for +4 PFETs) measures appr. 500..1500mV in DVM diode mode (with DVM+ red probe at GND). Very quick test, touch each PFET high-side switch output pin to verify, take note. Test flyback path integrity for every high-side and low-side output that will (or might ever) be connected. ---- See also: |